4. NASM

Description:
NASM (Netwide Assembler) is an assembler used for writing and compiling low-level assembly code, often used for crafting shellcode during exploit development.

Examples:

• 1. Assemble Shellcode:
     • nasm -f elf32 shellcode.asm -o shellcode.o

Explanation: Assembles shellcode.asm into an object file (shellcode.o) using ELF32 format, which can then be linked and used in exploits.